With the rapid advancement of technologies such as microprocessors and sensors, electrosurgical techniques in the medical field have also seen significant improvement. In electrosurgery, large vessel sealing technology is a revolutionary development. Currently, LigaSure-type large vessel sealing devices dominate the market. Among them, ShouLiang-med’s AGISEAL series stands out for its excellent performance and has received widespread acclaim both domestically and internationally. These devices are now widely used in clinical surgical procedures.

 

In thyroid surgery, the use of energy devices has improved both safety and precision. However, the choice of energy device is a critical consideration for surgeons. Different types of energy devices have their own applications, advantages, and limitations at various stages of surgery—for example, ultrasonic energy devices versus large vessel sealing devices.

 

Ultrasonic energy devices convert electrical energy at 55.5 kHz into mechanical energy via piezoelectric ceramics. The mechanical vibration is transmitted to the tissue through the blade, causing high-frequency friction. This results in vaporization of water molecules, breakdown of protein hydrogen bonds, cell disruption, tissue separation, protein denaturation, and vessel coagulation. Approved by the U.S. FDA, ultrasonic scalpels can safely seal vessels with diameters under 5 mm. While these devices feature lightweight, compact, and flexible curved-tip designs and are increasingly used in thyroid surgery, it’s important to note that their higher operating temperatures can lead to significant lateral thermal spread—especially near the recurrent laryngeal nerve—posing a risk of postoperative complications due to nerve damage.

 

Traditional monopolar and bipolar energy devices typically seal vessels by forming an intraluminal coagulum and rely solely on visual cues for energy control. These devices lack a feedback mechanism to monitor output power and impedance, making it difficult to gauge optimal coagulation power and duration.

 

ShouLiang-med’s independently developed AGISEAL series of advanced energy devices addresses these shortcomings by incorporating a negative feedback detection system. Using enhanced bipolar pressure, AGISEAL denatures and fuses the collagen and fibrin in blood vessels, permanently sealing the lumen. AGISEAL can seal vessels with diameters less than 7 mm, and the sealed vessels can withstand arterial pressures up to three times the normal human level. Additionally, it operates at a lower temperature and produces minimal lateral thermal damage, effectively protecting the recurrent laryngeal nerve and reducing the risk of complications.

 

With intelligent feedback that accurately senses tissue coagulation levels and precisely regulates optimal coagulation power and time, AGISEAL maximizes surgical safety and has become the preferred energy device for thyroid surgery.

Revascularization techniques are widely employed in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases and in the resection of complex skull base tumors involving major intracranial arteries. Among them, the superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery (STA–MCA) bypass is the most commonly performed, primarily indicated for moyamoya disease (MMD), internal carotid artery occlusive disease, and complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms (1–10 mm). Complete dissection of the STA and ensuring graft patency are essential prerequisites for successful STA–MCA bypass. At present, most neurosurgeons in China utilize sharp dissection or monopolar electrocautery for vessel harvesting. Bipolar electrocautery dissection, which originated in Japan, is widely practiced there and has been proven superior to monopolar dissection for STA harvesting, but its application remains limited in other countries and regions ^[1].

 

Common vessel dissection methods include sharp dissection, monopolar electrocautery, and bipolar electrocautery. Sharp dissection is the most traditional surgical technique but offers poor hemostatic efficacy and safety, while being time-consuming. Monopolar electrocautery relies on thermal energy to efficiently separate tissues and is considered safer than sharp dissection ^[2]. It is currently the most widely used vessel harvesting technique in China for cerebrovascular bypass. However, the significant thermal energy generated may damage vessels, causing vasospasm or occlusion. As a result, monopolar dissection is often performed at a distance from the target vessel, leaving excessive perivascular soft tissue. This not only reduces the effective length of the donor vessel but also increases the effort required for trimming. Residual soft tissue may also cause torsion of the donor artery, complicating placement and affecting the quality of the anastomosis. Furthermore, monopolar dissection results in more extensive scalp trauma and thermal injury, which can impair wound healing ^[3], and increase the risk of vasospasm or occlusion—ultimately reducing surgical success rates.

 

Bipolar electrocautery dissection offers a simpler and more efficient approach, enabling simultaneous dissection, coagulation, and separation without frequent instrument changes. Surgeons may operate with bipolar forceps in the right hand and a suction device in the left, achieving rapid and reliable hemostasis. During STA dissection, current is discharged only at the tips of the forceps, producing relatively less heat ^[4]. This minimizes wound injury, reduces soft-tissue adhesion, and yields longer, more pliable donor vessels, allowing surgeons to freely position the artery and select the optimal bypass site without compromising anastomosis. Moreover, while traditional monopolar cautery requires branch division followed by bipolar coagulation—often obscuring the surgical field—bipolar cautery can divide branches with minimal bleeding, thereby maintaining excellent visibility ^[1].

 

ShouLiang-med has independently developed bipolar forceps featuring mirror-polished technology, providing excellent conductivity, thermal efficiency, and anti-adhesion performance. The finely engineered tips are suitable for a wide range of neurosurgical procedures, allowing precise dissection and effective hemostasis of delicate vessels. A key innovation lies in the precise confinement of current to the forceps tips, significantly reducing collateral thermal injury. The anti-adhesion design, combined with the ability to coagulate while dissecting, enhances operative fluency and surgical field clarity, effectively reducing operative time.

 

References

[1] Li Y, Wang YJ, Cao Y, et al. Bipolar electrocautery vessel dissection: a novel technique for harvesting donor arteries in cerebral revascularization [J]. Chinese Journal of Modern Neurological Diseases, 2022, 22(05): 386–392.

[2] Charbel FT, Meglio G, Amin-Hanjani S. Superficial temporal artery–to–middle cerebral artery bypass [J]. Neurosurgery, 2005, 56(1 Suppl): 186–190.

[3] Chung Y, Lee SH, Choi SK. Fundamental basis of scalp layering techniques to protect against wound infection: a comparative study between conventional and in-to-out dissection of the superficial temporal artery [J]. World Neurosurg, 2017, 97: 304–311.

[4] Malis LI. Electrosurgery: technical note [J]. J Neurosurg, 1996, 85: 970–975.

 

Hemorrhoids are a common anal disease, with 10% to 20% of patients requiring surgical treatment ^[1]. Common issues with traditional hemorrhoidectomy are postoperative bleeding and pain. The Agiseal electrosurgical vessel sealer divider, a novel tissue-cutting and coagulating device, brings significant improvements to hemorrhoid surgery.

 

Agiseal,independently developed by ShouLiang-med, uses advanced real-time feedback and intelligent generator technology. By delivering high-frequency electrical energy combined with constant pressure between the jaws, it causes denaturation of collagen and fibrin within the target vessels. It fuses the vessel walls, forming a transparent band that achieves permanent lumen closure. Its advantages include: no need for excessive separation during closure, and faster closure speed; no smoke, maintaining a clear surgical field; and low local temperatures, minimizing damage to surrounding tissues. According to reports ^[2], the United Kingdom has successfully applied electrosurgical vessel sealer divider in haemorrhoidectomy procedures, achieving excellent haemostasis outcomes and significantly reducing postoperative pain in patients. 

 

Traditional mixed hemorrhoidectomy is often associated with significant bleeding, which not only prolongs surgery time but also obscures the surgical field and reduces procedural accuracy. Conventional haemostasis methodssuch as ligation or electrocoagulation are also prone to causing collateral damage to surrounding tissues, thereby delaying wound healing. The application of the electrosurgical vessel sealer divider allows for pre-closure of haemorrhoidal tissue vessels prior to excision., resulting in minimal bleeding during excision along the closure zone. Furthermore, this technique eliminates the need for conventional suture ligation of the stump, simplifying the procedure and shortening operative time. Its core principle (inducing fibrin deformation and coagulation) also ensures safe and reliable hemostasis ^[3].

 

In traditional surgery, suture ligation of the hemorrhoidal pedicle tissue easily triggers sphincter spasm, leading to severe postoperative pain.  The Agiseal hemorrhoidectomy does not require ligation of the haemorrhoidal tissue, thereby reducing the incidence and intensity of postoperative pain from the source. Additionally, the sealing process causes minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissues, effectively avoiding burns and tissue edema caused by the thermal effects of electrocautery. Postoperative pain is typically controlled with oral medications alone, significantly reducing discomfort and minimizing the risk of drug side effects ^[4].

 

Benefiting from advantages such as minimal intraoperative bleeding, minimal tissue damage, and milder postoperative pain, patient recovery is accelerated, and hospital stays are significantly shortened. Although the single-use cost of the electrosurgical vessel sealer divider may be higher than traditional instruments, preliminary statistics show that the overall hospitalization costs for patients do not increase significantly,which may be mainly attributed to the effective reduction in the number of hospital days ^[3].

 

In summary, for patients with grade III to IV mixed hemorrhoids, the use of electrosurgical vessel sealer divider for hemorrhoidectomy is more advantageous than traditional hemorrhoid surgery in terms of reducing intraoperative blood loss and shortening hospital stay ^[3]. Its precise, efficient, and minimally invasive characteristics provide patients with a more comfortable and faster recovery experience.

 

 

Reference:

[1] BLEDAY R，PENA JP，ROTHENBERGER DA，et al.Symptomatic hemorrhoids: current incidence and compli -cations of operative surgery［J］.Dis Colon Rectum，1992，35（5）:471-481.

[2] PALAZZO FF，FRANCIS DL，CLIFTON MA. et al. Randomized clinical trial of Ligasure versus open haemorrhoid -ectomy［J］. Br J Surg，2002，89（2）:154-157．

[3] Wang Zhanjun, Jia Shan, Wang Zhengliang,et al.A Comparative Study of Hemorrhoidectomy with Ligasure Technique and Milligan-Morgan Surgery［J］.Journal of Colorectal & Anal Surgery,2017,23(04):477-480.

[4] NIENHUIJS SW， DE HINGH IH. Pain after conventional versus Ligasure haemorrhoidectomy.A meta -analysis［J］.International Journal of Surgery，2010，8（4）:269-273.

Hemorrhoids, also known as anal fistula disease, have an incidence rate of 40%-50%. There's a  folk saying that "nine out of ten people develop hemorrhoids." Modern medical research has found that hemorrhoids are a physiological change, and humans naturally have a risk of developing hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids can cause significant harm, with severe pain being the primary symptom during an episode. META analysis indicates that hemorrhoids are an important risk factor for colorectal cancer and are closely related to constipation, among other conditions. They negatively impact patients' daily lives and work, severely impairing their quality of life.

 

Hemorrhoid treatment can be divided into surgical and conservative therapies. Among them, surgical treatment has been increasingly popular due to its continuous improvement in technology and significantly reduced trauma. External excision and internal ligation, automatic hemorrhoid ligation, and circular mucosal resection and stapling of the hemorrhoids have gradually become widespread. Minimally invasive surgery has been proven effective, but its indications are limited. High-frequency electrosurgical unit combines the advantages of traditional ligation and circular ligation, using the electrosurgical unit to remove hemorrhoidal tissue, achieving good removal results.^[1]

 

According to research data from the Department of Anorectal Surgery at Wuhan Fifth Hospital involving 174 patients, the incidence of complications in the observation group treated with high-frequency electrosurgical unit surgery was 26.4%, significantly lower than the 52.9% in the control group treated with traditional ligation surgery. particularly in key indicators such as anal-rectal stenosis (13.8% vs. 23.0%) and postoperative edema (8.0% vs. 14.9%), where the differences were statistically significant. This technique combines electrocoagulation hemostasis with ligation technology to achieve simultaneous hemostasis during surgery, reduce nerve ending exposure, and lower the pain score to 2.5 ± 1.4 points within three days postoperatively (3.9 ± 1.2 points in the traditional group). The pain score during dressing changes was controlled at 5.6 ± 1.3 points (7.1 ± 1.6 points in the traditional group). Patients recovered faster postoperatively, with time to ambulation shortened to 7.3 ± 1.3 hours and time to first bowel movement reduced to 4.3 ± 1.1 minutes. At the 6-month follow-up, the incidence of defecation difficulties (3.4%) and symptomatic recurrence rate (5.7%) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the traditional surgery group (16.1%). The precise resection characteristics of the observation group preserved more normal anal cushion tissue, effectively reducing the risk of anal functional damage.

 

In summary, high-frequency electrosurgery unit enables simultaneous resection and hemostasis through minimally invasive procedures, demonstrating significant clinical advantages—particularly for treating multiple mixed hemorrhoids.  

 

ShouLiang-med's independently developed high-frequency electrosurgical unit offers multiple cutting and coagulation modes, meeting all functional requirements for hemorrhoid surgery while further reducing patient injury and complications. Additionally, the monopolar electrodes and electrical pencils provided by ShouLiang-med are made from high-quality anti-adhesive materials, further optimizing surgical efficiency.  

 

[1] Dai Luo, Hu Qi. Clinical Study on High-Frequency Electrosurgery Unit for Hemorrhoid Treatment [J]. *Journal of North Sichuan Medical College*, 2017, 32(3): 419-421.  

In modern healthcare settings, maintaining strict hygiene without sacrificing patient comfort is non-negotiable — and that’s where a high-quality Disposable Examination Bedsheet makes the difference. Designed for single-use convenience, these sheets protect examination couches and treatment tables from contamination while offering a soft, breathable surface that patients appreciate. Whether you’re equipping a busy clinic, an outpatient center, or a mobile screening unit, choosing the right Medical Bed Sheet reduces cross-infection risk and simplifies turnover between patients.

Material choice and manufacturing control determine real-world performance. Our disposable sheets are engineered from durable, non-woven fabrics that balance fluid resistance with comfort; they meet the practical needs of clinicians who require reliable barrier protection during routine exams and procedures. For more demanding environments, we also offer options that meet standards expected of a Surgical Bed Sheet, providing the extra protection and dimensional stability required in minor surgical procedures and sterile prep areas.

Versatility is key: from general check-ups and dermatology to dental, physiotherapy, and surgical prep, a properly specified bedsheet streamlines workflow, lowers laundry costs, and improves patient perception of clinical cleanliness. Hospitals and practices serving international patients or operating large screening programs value consistent supply, simple disposal, and clear product specifications — all factors that make inventory management and regulatory compliance easier.

A well-designed Face Cradle Cover can transform a routine massage into a comfortable, hygienic experience your clients will remember. As a factory with over 20 years serving the global market, we know that therapists and spas need reliable, easy-to-clean protection that fits securely and looks professional. Whether you’re replacing worn fabric or specifying supplies for a busy clinic, choosing the right Headrest Cover is the first step toward better client care and smoother operations.

Hygiene and comfort are the two pillars of a great treatment room — and that’s exactly what a premium Massage Face Cove delivers. High-quality covers protect foam and upholstery from oils and sweat, reduce laundering time, and keep your headrest smelling fresh between sessions. For clients, a soft, breathable surface reduces skin irritation and improves relaxation; for practitioners, a snug Face Cradle Cover that’s simple to remove and wash means less downtime and more bookings.

Material and fit matter: look for covers made from durable, washable fabrics with reinforced seams and a tailored design that stays in place during movement. A well-fitted Headrest Cover not only looks neater but also extends the life of your equipment, protecting investment and maintaining the professional appearance of your studio. Many of our customers prefer covers that balance stretch for easy fitting with enough structure to prevent slipping — the result is a smoother treatment and fewer mid-session adjustments.

At Telijie, we combine two decades of factory experience with customer-focused service to make sourcing Massage Face Cover solutions effortless. Beyond product quality, Telijie offers flexible OEM/ODM options, small-sample runs for evaluation, responsive global logistics, and dedicated after-sales support so you get exactly the fit and finish your brand requires. Partnering with Telijie means steady supply from a manufacturer who understands spa and therapy needs worldwide — reliable lead times, clear communication, and customization options that help your business stand out. Contact Telijie to request samples or discuss branded Face Cradle Cover and Headrest Cover options tailored to your market.

1.  What It Is

 

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein mainly produced by the liver into the blood in response to inflammation. CRP levels rise rapidly following inflammatory stimuli and decline promptly once the trigger resolves, making it a valuable tool for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. 

Parameter	C-reactive protein (CRP)
Primary Site of Production	Liver
Clinical Utility	●  Monitor inflammation and guide patient management ●  Differentiate bacterial from viral infections: CRP level ≥ 50 mg/L are linked to bacterial infections in ~ 90% of cases
CRP Response & Half-life	● Onset of increase: 6–8 hours ● Peak: 24–48 hours ● Half-life: ~19 hours

 

2.  Why It Matters

(1)  Reliable biomarker: Clinically validated indicator of systemic inflammation, infection, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular risk.

(2)  Actionable insights: Supports differential diagnosis (bacterial vs viral), informs antibiotic prescribing, and monitors disease activity to guide treatment.

(3)  POC advantage: Rapid, on-site testing enables timely clinical decisions in primary care, emergency, and bedside settings.

 

3.  Reference Ranges:

 

Item	Result	Interpretation
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP Assay Kit) (assessing risk of cardiovascular events)	1 mg/L	Low cardiovascular risk
	1–3 mg/L	Moderate cardiovascular risk; anti-inflammatory therapy recommended
	≥ 3 mg/L	High cardiovascular risk; anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic therapy recommended
C-Reactive Protein (CRP Test Kit)	< 10 mg/L	Normal
	> 10 mg/L	Indicates inflammation; possible infection, autoimmune disease, or chronic inflammation
	> 50 mg/L	Indicates bacterial infection (~90%); viral infection uncommon
	> 100 mg/L	Severe elevation, generally seen in acute bacterial infections

Note: Results should be interpreted in the context of the patient’s clinical condition. Laboratories are recommended to establish population-specific reference values for their region, as the levels may vary with demographic and methodological factors.

 

4.  When and Where to Measure CRP

 

Clinical Setting	When / Indication	Purpose / Clinical Use
Primary care / Outpatient clinics	At onset of acute symptoms; routine follow-up for chronic inflammation	Rapid assessment of infection; guide antibiotic use; monitor autoimmune disease activity
Emergency department / Urgent care	Suspected acute infection, fever, or trauma	Triage patients; monitor acute inflammation and treatment response
Hospital / Laboratory / ICU	Post-surgery, trauma, sepsis, or during treatment	Assess inflammation; monitor therapy effectiveness, and track disease progression

 

 

5.  Why Poclight CRP Stands Out: Facts & Features

 

(1)  Assay Specifications

Item	Specification / Value
Detection Limit (LOD)	≤ 0.5 mg/L
Measurement Range	0.5 - 320 mg/L within this linear range, the linear correlation coefficient r should be not less than 0.990
Sample Volume	5 μL
Sample Type	Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood
Assay Time / Turnaround	3 min
Precision (CV%)	5%
Reference Range	<10 mg/L

 

(2)  Key Features:

a.  Advanced patent technology: 5th generation homogenous CLIA, CRET technology

b.  Compatible with Poclight C5000 analyzer: Designed for POC settings, auto-calibration, built-in scanner, internal mixing component, and more

 

 

 

c.  Individually packaged: on-demand testing

d.  Room-temperature transport, no cold chain required: saves logistic costs

e.  Lyophilized reagents: freeze-dried reagent for room temperature storage (2–30°C) with extended shelf life of 18 months

f.  Operational efficiency: intuitive process, reduced workload, and optimal lab performance

 

Biological sample collection is a cornerstone of clinical research, providing critical data for evaluating drug pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety. Diverse specimen containers are employed for various sample types, ranging from common biological fluids like blood (whole blood, serum, plasma), urine, and feces, to more specialized in vivo samples such as arterial blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, alveolar lavage fluid, wound exudate, tears, pathological tissue, and skin microdialysis samples. In studies involving viral vector test drugs, samples may also include those from the nose and wound surfaces, or even dressings.

 

The overarching purpose of sample collection dictates the specific design, categorized into PK, immunogenicity, efficacy/exploratory pharmacodynamic (PD), and safety sample collection. This document primarily details the design methodology for PK sample collection, with brief insights into considerations for efficacy/PD, safety, and immunogenicity evaluations.

 

Design of Pharmacokinetic (PK) Sample Collection

 

The fundamental principle guiding PK sampling point design is to balance thorough coverage of pharmacokinetic characteristics with minimizing burden on subjects and researchers. Sampling points should be as concise and infrequent as possible while ensuring subject safety and encompassing the entire PK profile. Ideally, sampling points should align with study visit points, and sampling times should be scheduled to avoid disrupting sleep, though exceptions may arise.

 

Beyond time points, the entire sampling process—including collection, processing, and storage environment—is critical. The selection of anticoagulants, temperature, and processing time limits must be explicitly defined. If not detailed in the study protocol, these specifics require precise documentation in an independent sample processing manual.

 

PK studies necessitate evaluating not only the parent drug's metabolic characteristics but also those of its primary active metabolites. A judicious selection of sampling times is crucial, typically informed by non-clinical research, predicted or existing human PK data, and formulation characteristics. The sampling points must span the absorption, distribution, and elimination phases to comprehensively describe the drug's PK in the human body.

 

Potential interferences from diet, time of day, and other factors must be considered.

 

 

Detection Indicators:

 

Single-Dose Administration: Tmax (time to maximum concentration), Cmax (maximum concentration), AUC (0-t) (area under the curve from time 0 to t), AUC (0-∞) (area under the curve from time 0 to infinity), Vd (volume of distribution), Kel (elimination rate constant), t1/2 (half-life), MRT (mean residence time), CL (clearance) or CL/F (apparent clearance).

 

Multiple-Dose Administration: Peak time (Tmax), steady-state trough concentration (Css_min), steady-state peak concentration (Css_max), average steady-state blood drug concentration (Css_av), elimination half-life (t1/2), clearance (CL or CL/F), area under the steady-state blood drug concentration-time curve (AUCss), and fluctuation coefficient (DF).

 

Sampling Points Specifics:

Generally, a minimum of 11-12 sampling points are recommended, extending for 3-5 elimination half-lives, or until the drug concentration falls to 1/20 to 1/10 of Cmax.

Commonly, 12-20 sampling points are utilized. For long half-life test drugs, sampling typically extends for at least 72 hours.

 

For multiple administrations, trough concentrations (prior to administration) should be measured three times (usually for three consecutive days) to confirm the achievement of steady-state conditions. A series of blood samples are then collected after the final administration.

 

Sampling points are ideally arranged for fasting administration in the morning to mitigate interference from diet, time of day, and other confounding factors.

 

Route of Administration Considerations:

Different routes of administration (e.g., intravenous injection, intravenous drip, nebulized inhalation) exhibit distinct PK characteristics, necessitating route-specific sampling point designs. For instance, intravenous injection lacks an absorption phase. Intravenous drip and nebulized inhalation, however, typically require sample collection pre-administration, immediately before administration, and 5-10 minutes post-administration or at the end of administration.

 

For urine/feces collection, samples should be taken at various intervals pre- and post-medication. The determination of these sampling points can be informed by drug excretion characteristics observed in animal PK studies, encompassing the onset of excretion, peak excretion, and the approximate end of the excretion process.

 

General PK Collection Process:

Subjects typically enter the Phase I clinical trial ward the day before the study, consuming a standardized light dinner followed by a 10-hour fast (not necessarily overnight).

The next morning, the drug is administered orally on an empty stomach (fasting is not required for injections), accompanied by 200-250ml of water. If urine samples are required, the bladder should be emptied before drug administration. Blood or urine samples are then collected at specific time points before and after dosing, as per the study plan.

For urine samples, the total volume should be recorded, and the required aliquot retained. Subjects generally remain within the Phase I clinical trial ward for the duration of the trial, avoiding strenuous exercise, consumption of caffeinated or alcoholic beverages, and smoking.

 

Other Sample Collection Precautions

Immunogenicity and Efficacy/Exploratory PD Sample Collection:

Specimen container collection for immunogenicity and efficacy/exploratory PD requires careful consideration of relevant signaling pathway response characteristics and alignment with other planned biological sample collection time points.

Immunogenicity responses to biological products are typically not immediate. The initial post-treatment immunogenicity specimen container collection can be set at 21-28 days after administration (EMA recommends no earlier than 4 weeks post-last dose), but never earlier than 14 days. The impact of existing subject reactivity to therapeutic biological products on the immunogenicity response time should also be considered. The frequency of sampling points and the extent of analysis depend on the test drug's risk assessment.

 

For efficacy/PD-related samples, such as glycated hemoglobin in diabetes studies, sampling points are determined by integrating the pharmacological time-effect relationship (onset, duration, optimal efficacy), prior monitoring experience, and preclinical animal study data. To ensure reproducibility of efficacy data, protocols may specify that samples are collected within a relatively fixed time period.

 

Safety Sample Collection:

Laboratory examination time points for safety assessments are typically designed in conjunction with pharmacokinetic characteristics. The general principle is to have denser sampling points initially, becoming sparser later (applicable after a single dose, during long-term administration, and in early clinical research for clinical practice verification).

 

It's generally understood that after five consecutive doses, blood drug concentrations can reach a steady state. For drugs with ideal metabolism that achieve steady-state blood concentrations, if steady-state levels are confirmed safe for subjects, the interval between subsequent sampling points can be extended. However, for experimental drugs that may exhibit blood drug accumulation, close monitoring of potential safety impacts is crucial, necessitating a relatively dense schedule for safety visit points.